"Unfortunately I don't think anyone can become a good photographer using an iPhone."
I've seen many who have.
"A great photographer can make great pictures with an iPhone, but he surely didn't learn his craft on a point & shoot smartphone"
Ditto my above response.
Making strong photographs has very little to do with the camera or gear. It's about the person behind the camera, his/her life experiences, curiosity, imagination, creativity, desire to express, vision, and quickly making a dozen or two technical decisions that in the end produces an image that has the power to stir a viewer's imagination, release narrative, ultimately evoking an emotional response.
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I think simple cameras, ie phone cameras, are ideal for teaching photography. Making good photographs is about seeing, not gear.
Yes, gear is just half of what makes a good photograph the other half is what you called seeing or for me observation. A point and shoot camera is good enough to capture a good image.
However, learning photography using a smartphone like an iPhone that does a lot of post processing is not very helpful at all. It will deprive of you of understanding about aperture, shutter speed, ISO, metering and other techinical things like that. And this things is a must learn if you really want to learn photography. Imagine the confusement of those kids after being confident in practicing photography using a smartphone that does heavy post processing on images are given a point and shoot camera or even a dslr because the picture they have taken are not the same with the smartphone. They will have to learn how to use the new "gear" again. If they only learn from a dslr then it wouldnt be a problem for them moving from one camera to another even if the new gear does a lot of post processing because they will now be equip with the experience and knowledge on how to use shutter speed, aperture, exposure and ISO to take a good photo.
Photography is an art and for me those post processing technology takes away some art part of photography.