A nuclear option…
Can export all your Shortcuts to zip files, one from Mac, other from phone. Extract the zips on Mac and then merge the contents of the folders to get one “good” copy. In Shortcuts on both devices, select all and delete the Shortcuts from the devices. Then can import “good” copy into Shortcuts on Mac (drag drop files to Shortcut window).
Yes, a pain and will be a pain to accept/reset the multitude of “Allow Shortcuts to…” messages, but a last resort option.
Otherwise, stumped why this is happening, as looks like you’re signed into same AppleID on both, other cloud things are syncing.