[*] External hybrid MBR, EFI boot files on internal EFI system partition: can't find win load
[*] External hybrid MBR, EFI boot files on external support partition: can't find win load
I can't tell if you're actually getting an EFI boot or MBR boot. If you have hybrid MBR with an entry that has the active flag set and the MBR boot code area contains code, then Apple's EFI loads a CSM which in turn executes the boot code in the MBR. If you have two such disks, you have no control over which code is executed and there's some (weak) evidence different firmwares behave differently.
[*] External hybrid MBR, MBR boot files on external support partition: boots successfully
This is expected behavior, although I don't know exactly what you mean by MBR boot files - maybe you mean the BIOS bootloader stage files.
The disk does not need to be a hybrid MBR however, the disk can be (pure) MBR only without any GPT structures at all. This is a CSM boot. Not EFI boot.
[*] External hybrid MBR that contains the EFI partition, and MBR boot files on EFI system partition: boots successfully
The MBR itself does not contain an entry for the EFI system partition, but rather an entry for the sectors that compromise the GPT and the EFI System partition. So how are these boot files getting on the EFI system partition? Benign but doesn't seem to be a good idea.
The way BIOS booting Windows works on Apple hardware is once the CSM is loaded, it blindly loads code in the first disk's MBR (the first 440 bytes of LBA 0). That code is so tiny all it can tell the CPU is to jump to a different LBA and start loading the code. The computer doesn't know anything about a file system at this point, let alone a partition map. So it's just blindly loading and executing code. At each bootloader stage, it gets smarter, and can do more things, pretty quickly it knows about MBR only and then NTFS and then it can start locating executables by reading the NTFS file system rather than blindly asking for a series of LBAs.
EFI booting is completely different. The firmware itself already understands MBR, GPT, FAT16, FAT32, and HFS+ (Apple EFI firmware does, anyway).
[*] External GPT, boot files on internal EFI partition: starts booting, INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE
[*] External GPT, external EFI partition: same.
[*] External GPT, external support partition: same.
What boot files? The problem with all of this testing is that it's not obvious whether you're getting an EFI boot, or CSM-BIOS boot. If CSM-BIOS mode boot can boot from Thunderbolt (or USB) without the bus resetting then certainly EFI booting can. So it's a bit unclear to me why this starts to work and then fails.
I'd say you need a different EFI bootloader and possibly a different kernel, that have debug modes to provide more detailed information about what's happening as it happens.
Those would be GRUB2 for CSM-BIOS booting, and Linux.
And either GRUB Legacy EFI, or GRUB 2 EFI, for EFI booting. I'm not sure if all of the Apple EFI support code from Red Hat's GRUB Legacy EFI have been incorporated into GRUB 2 beta 6, which is currently in Fedora 18 alpha. In Fedora 17 they are still using GRUB Legacy EFI. So it's an open question which of them to use.
Obviously, I can't try MBR boot when it's GPT; the Startup Manager avoids it like the plague.
I'm not sure what you mean by MBR boot. Do you mean CSM/BIOS boot?
Windows detecting BIOS will only honor an MBR on boot disks. Windows detecting EFI will only honor a GPT on boot disks.
Apple's EFI recognizes and will boot from either MBR or GPT disks, even Mac OS X (it's just the installer that will refuse to install Mac OS X to an MBR disk).
The weird issue seems to be that in proper EFI/GPT mode, the loader is able to find the boot executable (I'm able to get to the options menu, safe mode and all that) and start loading things. Might have something to do with SATA/AHCI when the Windows 8 drivers try and take over. It's even loaded enough to recognize when it fails multiple times. So that's weird.
What model Apple computer?
I know that on a MBP 4,1 and MBP 8,2 that EFI mode booting of either an MBR or GPT disk from USB is possible because I've done it many times with GRUB and Linux. The hardware can do it. I don't know about Thunderbolt because I don't have a Thunderbolt disk to test on the MBP 8,2.
Yeah, upsettingly, having it be MBR (or hybrid MBR) seems to be the key. Doesn't explain to me why none of the EFI stuff works at all, though.
Well the MBR or hybrid MBR is one requirement to get the CSM to activate, that's one of the keys.
Why the Windows 8 EFI bootloader isn't working I'm not sure, but it wouldn't surprise me if it has something to do with Windows Vista, 7, and 8 all requiring UEFI 2.x as a minimum firmware for EFI booting. And Apple does not implement UEFI 2.x, but rather Intel EFI 1.10 with some bits of UEFI 2.x (i.e. GOP). There is a separate thread of people working on getting EFI mode boot of Windows to work on Apple hardware but it's taking some hacking.