Yes, that is a huge EQ adjustment and can potentially damage the speakers if they’re turned up high enough. It varies a lot depending on the music you listen to of course, and at a low enough volume it shouldn’t harm anything, but for comparison’s sake, I master podcast and music audio and most adjustments I make are within 4db minus or plus, and I consider that a huge change (usually adjustments are in fractions of a decibel).
I can promise you that Apple's engineers did not design tiny laptop speakers to withstand a 20x increase in the volume of bass frequencies. That's not poor engineering, it's a physical limitation. 13db+ above 0db (nominal) is roughly a 20x increase in volume. That's not a reasonable expectation of any audio system let alone laptop speakers.