Since the 80% hard limit was never(?) mentioned as a new iPhone 15 feature, or really in any press release or footnote ever(?), I think there's a good chance it will come to all iPhones in a later iOS version.Of course, no hardware constraints at all. Clearly it is only for the sake of differentiation for the 15 models.
If even the iPhone X can use optimized charging, setting a temporary limit to 80%, setting a permanent limit to 80% is even easier both in terms of programming and of hardware requirements.
It might come to the older models later when the feature loses leverage.
I actually think Apple might make it a part of next year's presentation, when they do the whole sustainability "report" thing. It would certainly be a good fit.
"This year we're very excited to introduce even more features that will help every iPhone last as long as possible.", something like that.
Worth considering: Nobody, not even the E.U., forced them to do it for iPhones 15.
Plus, the 80% charge limit is a niche feature that has no appeal to the average consumer and won't break the 2-3 year upgrade cycle that Apple's target demographic is on.