Not everything makes sense from a pure private market economics perspective. Yes the state should cover heat, yes the taxpayers should pay for it. Ignoring any moral arguments that letting people suffer or even freeze to death when you can stop it there’s market economics on the government level that are important. As you accurately noted we fund a military to advance aocietal interest, whether defense or projection of power for economic or other reasons.
The government in part exists ti fund the things that are economically important but too big, too long term, or cost too much for a private company to commit to. That includes core infrastructure *and*, crucially, social services. Social service costs are a loss leader for the economy, people can work, generate economic activity, and grow the economy better if, say, they dont freeze to death.
So why should taxpayers fund heat from a purely economic POV? Because if people have basic needs met in the long run they contribute to the economy, and both create and consume goods and services that support those taxpayers in, overall, long term, higher amounts than it costs.
Also worth noting that people who are the edge of freezing to death, starving to death, etc - people who have nothing to lose - are more likely to become violent or radicalized because, hey, they have nothing to lose. Do you like riots? Terrorism? Revolutions? Keep people in abject poverty in huge amounts, create an underclass, and that is what you’ll get. Because when someone is desperate and has nothing to lose…
If you think the tax is too low for you, why don't you make a gift to the US government? There is no limit on how much you can gift to the US treasury!
https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/public/gifts-to-government.html#
Economics is a science, not a philosophy. That's why it's in Nobel Prize as Economic Science, where as Philosophy is not.
What's the difference?
Science tells you what will happen. Philosophy tells you what should happen.
If you force the outcome, i.e., what should happen, then something else must give.
In the case of public spending, you are focusing on what we should spend tax money on, but you neglected where to collect those tax money from. Same with politicians in the US, they ran a deficit and kicked the bucket forward. Because no one want to be the term where the music stops.
That's eating the seed for next year because you are hungry. This is still predicted by economics, it's called reversion to the mean. What goes up, must come down.
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